If you need to examine the relationship between an interval/ ratio variable and a nominal variable if the latter can be relatively unambiguously identified as the independent variable, then it might be useful to compare the means of the interval/ratio variable for each subgroup of the nominal variable. There are a variety of techniques you can use to conduct bivariate analysis but their use depends on the nature of the two variables being analysed. Type of variable There’s no real debate about it, it’s just very strong supporting evidence for the continued relevance of Marxism today! changing patterns of marriage, cohabitation, separation, divorce, childbearing and the life course, including the sociology of personal life, and the diversity of contemporary family and household structures Exploring relationships between variables means searching for evidence that the variation in one variable coincides with variation in another variable.

This material is an important update to the social class identity topic. This topic is part of the culture and identity module. Sources

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If there is a relationship between two variables, this does not necessarily mean one causes the other. One of the ways social policy could adapt to single people is by allowing single workers time off to look after friends or pets. Relevance to A-level sociology the relationship between social change and social stability, and religious beliefs, practices and organisations the relationship between positivism, interpretivism and sociological methods; the nature of ‘social facts’

You can also see that Independent schools represent around 10% of schools from the pie chart. Frequency tables and diagrams: final thoughts Criticisms of the family – e.g. loss of traditional functions, dysfunctional families, role of women, isolation and unrealistic expectations, marital breakdown and divorce, the dark side of family life including domestic violence, decline of the traditional family

Designed to accompany and complement the Generic Learning Mat, the Activity Mat focuses on a few simple activities - from practicing paragraph writing to making synoptic connections between concepts, theories and methods.

Rapport is what makes the respondent feel as if they want to cooperate with the researcher and take part in the research. Without rapport being established respondents may either not agree to take part or terminate the interview half way through! Cruise ships are also polluting: passengers on a seven day Antarctic cruise can produce as much CO2 as the average European in a year! His sentence was suspended so he won’t spend any time in jail, the judge saying this is because of his age. He is 92. A massive crime with a weak punishment Inter-rater-variability: where two different raters apply the rules of assigning answers to categories differently.

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The chart below shows the same data as in the frequency table above. Each bar represents one of the three school types. Make it clear that data will be anonymised and that the respondent will not be identified in any way, by data being analysed at an aggregate level. The range of data is the distance between minimum and maximum values in a distribution. Like the mean, outliers can greatly affect the range. Interviewers are even advised not to get too familiar with respondents as giving away too much information may bias the results.

During face to face interviews there may be times when it is better for researchers to use show cards (or flash cards) to display the answers rather than say them. Three contexts in which flashcards are better: Ling argues fashion is a way individuals communicate intention or status to others. Material objects such as phones help the individual to express group identities, such as those related to class or ethnicity. Wealth and income distribution are of special interest to sociologists, because there is a lot of variation in distribution. Neither wealth nor income are equally distributed. Understanding how they are distributed has significant implications for life chances and social policy. Table showing household wealth distribution in the UK by decile, 2018 to 2020. Interviewers may be tempted to deviate from the schedule because they feel awkward asking some questions to particular people, but training can help with this and make it more likely that standardisation is kept in place.Because the asking of questions and recording of answers are standardised, this means any variation in answers from respondents should be due to true or real variation in the respondents answers, rather than variation arising because of differences in the interview context. Accuracy and Ease of Data Processing Usefulness of different types of data – e.g. primary/secondary data, qualitative and quantitative data, sources of secondary data, including diaries, journals, official and non-official statistics, usefulness of these types of data to sociologists These heralded changes to leisure in postmodern society, when leisure became more diverse and fragmented. Postmodern Leisure Researchers should not engage in further communication about the purpose of the research at this point beyond the standard introductory statement. To do so means this respondent may divulge further information to other respondents yet to take part, possibly biassing their responses. Problems with structured interviews Leisure becomes an expression of a lifestyle rather than a search for self-improvement or relaxation. It becomes a playful means to express who you are. Individualism, privatisation and commercialism undermine rational recreation, games, team spirit, fair play and traditional sporting values. People’s identities become wrapped up in the goods they buy rather than being rooted in their jobs, families or communities. Postmodern leisure is about the body