A 2006 Space Shuttle experiment found that Salmonella typhimurium, a bacterium that can cause food poisoning, became more virulent when cultivated in space. [99] More recently, in 2017, bacteria were found to be more resistant to antibiotics and to thrive in the near-weightlessness of space. [100] Microorganisms have been observed to survive the vacuum of outer space. [101] [102]

Anikeev, Alexander (29 April 2011). "Spacecraft "Soyuz-TMA21" ". Manned Aeronautics. Archived from the original on 13 March 2012 . Retrieved 1 May 2011. Since the war started, many people have used the Ukrainian flag and its colours to show solidarity with the country. While no nation other than Russia (and previously the Soviet Union), the United States, and China have launched a crewed spacecraft, several other nations have sent people into space in cooperation with one of these countries, e.g. the Soviet-led Interkosmos program. Inspired partly by these missions, other synonyms for astronaut have entered occasional English usage. For example, the term spationaut ( French: spationaute) is sometimes used to describe French space travelers, from the Latin word spatium for "space"; the Malay term angkasawan (deriving from angkasa meaning 'space') was used to describe participants in the Angkasawan program (note its similarity with the Indonesian term antariksawan). Plans of the Indian Space Research Organisation to launch its crewed Gaganyaan spacecraft have spurred at times public discussion if another term than astronaut should be used for the crew members, suggesting vyomanaut (from the Sanskrit word vyoman meaning 'sky' or 'space') or gagannaut (from the Sanskrit word gagan for 'sky'). [41] [42] In Finland, the NASA astronaut Timothy Kopra, a Finnish American, has sometimes been referred to as sisunautti, from the Finnish word sisu. [43] Across Germanic languages, the word for "astronaut" typically translates to "space traveler", as it does with German's Raumfahrer, Dutch's ruimtevaarder, Swedish's rymdfarare, and Norwegian's romfarer.The complete transcript from the radio reception area of the communications of Yuri Gagarin with the Earth from the moment of his entering on the ship (two hours before the launch) until he exited the Vostok 1 ship.]. Cosmoworld.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 20 March 2008 . Retrieved 30 March 2008. Space Shuttle astronauts worked with nutritionists to select menus that appealed to their individual tastes. Five months before flight, menus were selected and analyzed for nutritional content by the shuttle dietician. Foods are tested to see how they will react in a reduced gravity environment. Caloric requirements are determined using a basal energy expenditure (BEE) formula. On Earth, the average American uses about 35 US gallons (130L) of water every day. On board the ISS astronauts limit water use to only about three US gallons (11L) per day. [119] Insignia NASA Astronaut lapel pin Aldrin, Buzz & McConnell, Malcolm (1989). Men From Earth. New York: Bantam. ISBN 0-553-05374-4. LCCN 89000323. Adventure Book Special Rules: Sometimes the Adventure Book will instruct players to make a skill test.

Malpas, Anna (8 April 2011). "Russia sheds light on Gagarin death mystery". Agence France-Presse. Archived from the original on 14 April 2011 . Retrieved 8 April 2011. Gagarin in his daughter's words". Euronews.net. 12 April 2011. Archived from the original on 15 April 2011 . Retrieved 27 April 2012.

British queen rolls out red carpet for Yuri". Deadwood Pioneer-Times. Deadwood, South Dakota. UPI. 11 July 1961. p.6. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019 . Retrieved 1 April 2019– via Newspapers.com.